Although there are several different export control regulations and administering agencies, the principal government agencies for implementation and enforcement of export control regulations are the U.S. Departments of State, Commerce, and Treasury.
U.S. 国务院
国务院, through its Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), administers the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) (22 CFR§§120 - 130). The ITAR governs the provision of defense services and the export of defense articles that are inherently military in character, or specially designed for military applications and enumerated on the U.S. 军需物品清单(USML).
U.S. 商务部
商务部, through its Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), administers the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) (15 CFR§§730 - 774). The EAR governs the export or transfer of “dual use” items, 这是, items that have both military and commercial/civilian application (e.g., acoustic systems, lasers, and magnetometers). In effect, unless subject to another agency’s jurisdiction (e.g., ITAR controlled) any item made in the U.S. 和/或包含U.S. origin technology or software is subject to regulation under the EAR.
U.S. 财政部
财政部, through its Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), 负责执行美国法律.S. embargoes and sanctions programs (31 CFR§§500 - 599). These programs regulate the transfer of items and/or services of value to embargoed nations; they impose trade and travel embargoes aimed at controlling terrorism, drug trafficking and other illicit activities; and they prohibit payments to nationals of sanctioned countries as well as some specific entities and individuals. Even activities allowed under the EAR or ITAR can be subject to strict licensing requirements if undertaken with sanctioned and/or embargoed countries and, 在很多情况下, it is understood that licenses that are applied for are subject to a government policy of denial.
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维克多·索萨，局长
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